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From - William H. Natcher Center National Institutes
of Health Bethesda, Maryland 72):
"Observations in DES-exposed male
offspring (both humans and mice) include subfertility and
infertility, decreased sperm counts, hypoplastic cryptorchid
testes, epididymal cysts, testicular tumors, anatomical
feminization, microphallus, hypospadias, retained Müllerian
remnants, and prostatic inflammation."
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There are 7 grades of
AIS:
From - Androgen
Receptor Defects: Historical, Clinical, and Molecular Perspectives
(*PDF* slow to load,
139)
"In some cases, particularly those
referred to as Reifenstein syndrome, there is more extensive
masculinization, the affected individuals having an essentially male,
but severely undermasculinized, phenotype with micropenis, perineal
hypospadias, and cryptorchidism. A small number of studies also suggest
that, in its mildest forms of expression, partial AIS may be manifest
simply by uncomplicated hypospadias (204, 205), by infertility in a
phenotypically normal male (11,199,200,206), or even by gynecomastia and
androgen binding abnormalities."
"It
is important to note that affected individuals with quite different
phenotypes may be present within a single family (27,32,208-210)."
"FIG. 8. Schematic represenation of grading
scheme for clinical classification of AIS. Grades are numbered l-7 in
order of increasing severity (more defective masculinization). Grade 1:
normal masculinization in utero; grade 2: male phenotype with mild
defect in masculinization e.g. isolated hypospadias; grade 3: male
phenotype with severe defect in masculinization-small penis,
perineoscrotal hypospadias, bifid scrotum and/or cryptorchidism; grade
4: severe genital ambiguity-clitoral-like phallus, labioscrotal folds,
single perineal orifice; grade 5: female phenotype with posterior labial
fusion and clitoromegaly; grade 617: female phenotype (grade 6 if pubic
hair present in adulthood, grade 7 if no pubic hair in-adulthood)."
Fig. 8 is the Quigley Scale of classification.Please keep it in
mind, especially when thinking about the psychosexual studies mentioned
further down, i.e.,176)
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From - Syndromes
of Abnormal Sex Differentiation: A guide for patients and
their families (a Johns Hopkins document, see specific syndromes
of sex differentiation):
"Partial
Gonadal Dysgenesis:
Affected patients may have a combination
of Wolffian and Mullerian duct development. The combination of
both Wolffian and Mullerian duct development, along with
ambiguity of the external structures, indicates that the testes
produced more androgens and MIS than those of Complete Gonadal
Dysgenesis patients, but not as much as would be seen in normal
male development."
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