The (I)-Guillaume Couillard Lespinacy (1591-1663) and
Herbert family is believed to be the first slave owners in New
France.
FRENCH HISTORY 1633-1634
FRENCH INDEX Return to Main French INDEX
1630
Population of Kebec 26 French + 90 English. Others suggest the total population of Kebec was 103.
Some believe (I)-Marc Antoine de Brasdefer, sieur de Chasteaufort is appointed Governor of Trois Rivieres this year. There was secret papers created by the Jesuits to make him acting Governor of New France in event of Champlain's death.
Breton a ships captain was in Canada 1629 and Kebec 1630
The Plymouth Company established a trading post at the mouth of the Penobscot River (Maine)
(I)-Jacques Badeau d-1658 Quebec married Anne Ardouin d-1670.
(II)-Madeleine Euphrosine Nicolet de Belleborne, Metis, b-1630 daughter (I)-Jean Nicolet de Belleborne born 1598 and died October 9, 1642, Sillery; and Nipissirinienne sauvagesse, b-1610.
(I)-Adrien du Chesne (Duchene), a surgeon, from Dieppe who arrived Kebec 1620. remained in Kebec with his wife during the English occupation. It is likely his wife was savage and with his skills he was considered an asset by the English. There is no record of children but they would not be recorded by the religious.
(I)-Francois Marguerie had fled the English to live among the Wendat (Huron) and learned their language to later become an interpreter.
Portugal Cove (St. Philips), Newfoundland is named after Portugal fishermen who occupied this area prior to this time.
The Great Puritan migration of the 1630's had a profound impact on New England (American culture). These English and Scottish Puritans branched into the Congregational, Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist, Unitarian, Quaker and other Protestant sects. Their Protestant ethic suggested the Roman Catholic Church had taken a wrong turn after the fifth century by adding forms, ceremonies and dogmas with no basis in the Holy Scriptures. They rejected the Church of England because they retained bishops, vestments and ritual. They wanted to worship as the early Christians had worshiped. The French Huguenots and Scotch, German, Scandinavian and Netherlands Calvinists are essentially Puritan in nature, differing only in details. Charles I is told by Bishop William Laud to considered the Puritans as blasphemous because they brushed aside candles, the cross, kneeling and chanting along with other forms of worship. Persecution by Bishop William Laud would drive 10,000 Puritans to New England over the next four years.
The Dutch colony of Rensselaerswyck is established near Fort Orange, New York.
New Amsterdam (New York), a Dutch colony, had 300 people by this date with neat gabled houses and a brick church. Baie Forteau in the Strait of Belle Island, is a long time Basque-whaling station.
The Iroquois gained ascendancy over the Algonquins, thanks to the firearms sold to them by the Dutch.
The third fleet sent by the Company of 100 Associates to Kebec is lost.
About 30,000 skins were exported through Tadoussac.
March 29: The Treaty of Saint Germain en Laye was signed by England and France. The colonies of Canada and Acadia were returned to France. King Charles I, however, had refused to restore the captured territories until further settlements were made.
April 30: (I)-William Alexander (1577/80-1640) granted a barony in Acadia ( Nova Scotia), from Yarmouth to Lunenburg to (I)-Claude La Tour (1570-1736+) and (II)-Charles de La Tour (1595-1665) if Charles would defect to the English..
May 12: (I)-Claude de Saint Etienne de La Tour, (1570-1736+) who transferred his allegiance from France to England, enrolled his son (II)-Charles La Tour (1595-1665), a Frenchman, as an English baronet. (II)-Charles La Tour (1595-1665) knew nothing of his father's actions until his father appeared before Cape Sable, Acadia ( Nova Scotia) where (II)-Charles La Tour (1595-1665), the son, commanded the French Fort La Tour (Lomeron). (I)-Claude La Tour, (1570-1736+) the father, attempted to persuade (II)-Charles La Tour, the son, to surrender the Fort to the English, and when this failed, father fought son until (I)-Claude, the father, and the English withdrew. The English had promised land grants to entice the son to join the English. The English suffered significant losses after two assaults were repelled. As a result (I)-Claude La Tour (1570-1736+) and his second wife were reduced to beggary and settled in Port Royal, Acadia among the Scots who were settled there by (I)-William Alexander (1577/80-1640). The first winter 30 of the original 70 Scot settlers died.
August 1: Saint Jacques de Dieppe, France, baptism Pierre Martin son of Abraham Martin and Marguedith Langlois is likely not Abraham (1589-1664)
The French Captain Marot arrived Fort La Tour with supplies of arms and ammunitions. The war ship was put under command of (II)-Charles La Tour (1595-1665) who enticed his father to quit Port Royal and join him at Fort La Tour, which he did. He brought news that the Scots planned to attack Fort La Tour. (II)-Charles La Tour (1595-1665) started construction of a new fort at the mouth of the St. John River to repel the English by sea and secure the river for trade..
1631
Population of Kebec 25 French + 76 English + 1 birth
One birth is recorded in Kebec, New France.
(I)-Simon Baron, a Jesuit donnes and self taught surgeon arrived Chibou, Cape Breton Island.
(I)-Hubert Anselme ordered a vessel of the Company of the Hundred Associates to Tadoussac and in 1632 voyages de Champlain.
France: (I)-Paul Le Jeune (1591-1664) is appointed Superior of the Jesuits in New France. He also is appointed to act as Governor of New France in case of any extraordinary event. He had the unusual power of superseding Champlain's authority when he deemed it advisable.
(II)-Charles De Saint Etienne De La Tour Metis (1595-1665) is made a baronet of Nova Scotia by Sir William Alexander in 1631. (II)-Charles LaTour Metis was already a "seigneur d'Acadie" by de Bienville's will. Also in 1631, Louis XIII of France grants (II)-Charles LaTour, (1595-1665) a concession at the mouth of the St.John River, now in New Brunswick, where he builds Fort Ste-Marie in Jemseg.
(II)-Nicole Madeleine Gareman b-1631 Kebec? daughter (I)-Pierre Gareman dit Garnier (in 1666 census) and Madeleine Charlot: married October 10, 1645, Quebec Rene Mezeray.
(II)-Louise Garnier, b-1631, Lachine, daughter (I)-Charles Garnier and Jeanne Labraye. Another daughter is b-1627 no location given and an older daughter Louise age nor location not given.
Marriage likely 1631, assumed St. Malo, France (I)-Sebastien Hayet aka Hayot dit Radisson married to Madeleine Herault aka Hainault, second marriage likely Metis or savage still alive in 1654 at Trois Rivieres.
FIVE CHILDREN ARE RECORDED
(II)-Francoise Radisson, no birth date given, but likely died young, is listed
Tanguay
(II)-Marguerite Radisson b-1632, 1st married 1646, age 12 yrs. most likely Trois
Rivieres? to Jean Vernon Grandmenil, Tanguay
The following
children are considered to be half sisters and a half brother to (II)-Marguerite
(II)-Francoise
Radisson, Metis, b-1636, married about 1653, likely Trois Rivieres, (I)-Claude Volant
de St Claude, b-1636
(II)-Pierre
Esprit Chouard dit Radisson Metis, (1636/40-1710) Marguerite is recorded as half
sisters to (II)-Pierre.(*)
(II)-Elisabeth Radisson, Metis, (1638-1722)
#0 (II)-Pierre calls himself Peter Efprit Radiffon, likely his 'S' looked like
'F'
#1 (II)-Pierre swore while in England, he was born 1636, St. Malo, France.
#2 A search for baptismal records suggests (II)-Pierre was not born St. Malo,
France
#3 The English believed (II)-Pierre to be Italian not French. (**)
#4 Some claim (II)-Pierre is the son of Pierre Esprit Radisson, b-1590, Avagon,
France and Madeleine Heraut.
#5 No record exists in New France that Pierre Esprit Radisson, b-1590, Avagon,
France is in New France.
#6 (II)-Pierre claims he arrived Quebec, May 24, 1651.
#7 (II)-Pierre claims capture by the Mohawk Iroquois May 24, 1651 near Trois
Rivieres & escaped October 29. 1653
#8 (II)-Pierre claims he was captured by the Irokoits in 1652
#9 (II)-Pierre claims to be among the Dutch in 1653, and claims to be from Trois
Rivieres.
#10 The Dutch believed (II)-Pierre was an Indian
#11 (II)-Pierre claims to be in Holland January 4/7,
1654.
#12 (II)-Pierre claims to have married 1656, Trois Rivieres, Elizabeth, daughter
Madeleine Hainault
#13 (II)-Pierre claims to be in Quebec May 17, 1654 and then Trois Rivieres to
see 'his relatives' all at Trois Rivieres..
#14 (II)-Pierre claims 'his relatives' are his 'natural parents', and 'Country
People', and 'my brother, his wife & children'.
#15 (II)-Francoise Radisson, b-1636 married Quebec 1654, Trois Rivieres, Claude
Volant (***) de St Claude, b-1636
#16 Some claim (II)-Pierre married England daughter of John Kirke.
#17 (II)-Pierre has been known to stretch the truth, if it serves his
purposes.
#18 Some suggest (II)-Marguerite Radisson, b-1632 is (II)-Francoise Marguerite
(1635-1677)
#19 (II)-Marguerite first child born June 1648, Trois Rivieres.
#20 (II)-Marguerite is living with (I)-Jean Baptiste Godefroy (1608-1681) on November 25, 1646, as though
a servant?
(*) This position of birth is very problematic, as is his claim of,
'Country People', as relatives.
Country People usually refers to mixed marriages Indian/European unions or Metis
People.
(**) During my life time a Metis was said, by the English, to have a bit of
Italian in them!
(***) Tanguay says Volant dit is deRadisson, (II) Pierre's brother &
family?
It is fairly obvious that the second (II)-Francoise, (II)-Pierre and
(II)-Elizabeth are Metis, therefore not listed by Tanguay.
The English of Kebec are represented by Governor Captain Thomas Ker, originally from Dieppe, France, his brothers David and Louys Ker and Jacques Michel, also originally from Dieppe, all being Huguenots and are now working for the English. These English-Frenchmen are held responsible for the destruction and plunder of New France. The home and property of Madame (I)-Herbert is not damaged, nor her property taken. Her daughter and her husband are also not molested. They likely made some arrangements with the English. Sieur Brusle, a Frenchman, is also known to have gone over to the English during occupation but was killed by the Huron for unknown reasons. This must be a reference to (I)-Etienne Brule (1582-1633) who is killed in 1632. The Kirks brought the first known slave to Canada, a Negro or Moor slave, later to be sold to Le Bailly at Kebec for fifty ecus. The first recorded Black African slave in Canada was Oliver Le Jeune who was sold this year in Quebec. The Savages of the Kabec region had been trading and supporting the English during the years of occupation.
Slavery became a common practice in New France and the Church became the largest slave owner. Many have asked how could this happen, when in 1435 Pope Eugene IV in his Bull Sicut Dudum condemned slavery and those engaged in it, and those who ignore the Bull are excommunicated, ipso facto. In 1537, Pope Paul III issued the Bull Sublimis Deus that condemned slavery, Popes Gregory XIV, 1591, Pope Urban VIII, 1639, and Pope Benedict XIV, 1741 also condemned slavery. We can only assume those Jesuits and Religious Sisters who held slaves were automatically excommunicated, ipso facto.
King Charles I granted Cape Breton Island to Robert Gordon of Lochinvar and his son Robert Gordon.
February 8: Louis XIII named (I)-Charles de La Tour (1595-1665) Governor and Lieutenant General of New France.
February 9: Kebec, birth (II)-Elizabeth Couillard, Metis, died April 5, 1704 Chateau Richer daughter (I)-Guillaume Couillard, d-1663 and (II)-Guillemette Herbert, Metis (1606-1684); married November 27, 1645, Kebec (I)-Jean Guyon: Elizabeth was baptised, not by a French Priest, but by Anglais minister. Because during Kirk occupation, there was no priest in Kebec. Is this (I)-Jean Guyon who arrived Kebec 1619 and is possibly (I)-Jean Guton (Guton) (Dion) dir du Buisson (1592-1663)???
April 28: Luke Fox (Foxe) (1586-1635) departed London in search of the North West passage. He skirted the western shore of Hudson Bay and discovered relics of the 1612 Button expedition.
July 10: King Charles I instructed (I)-William Alexander (1577/80-1640) to give Port Royal back to the French and to destroy Fort William; built by his son (II)-William Alexander.
August 29: Luke Fox (Foxe) (1586-1635) met Thomas James (1593-1635), an English explorer, near Cape Henrietta Maria. Fox sailed into Foxe Channel as far as Cape Dorchester and established that the Hudson Bay did not offer a passage to the east.
September 7: Thomas James (1593-1635) sailed for two days before Luke Fox sailed from England to Hudson Bay, and they met by accident. Thomas James wintered on Charlton Island, James Bay. He recorded the presence, on nearby Danby Island, of stakes that were driven into the ground, being cut with a hatchet. Some speculate this represents the presence of Henry Hudson. Eskimo tradition suggests a live white boy is rescued from a boat in Hudson Straits with a dead white man. (I)-Claude de La Tour (1570-1736+) built a fort on Portland Point at the East Side of St. John harbor.
1632
No marriages, births or deaths recorded in Kebec.
Marriage (I)-Marin Boucher (1589-1671) arrived Kebec 1619, 1st marriage 1625 Julienne Barry; 2nd marriage 1631 Perinne Malet (1606-1687), 1 child reported 1st marriage, 5 children 2nd marriage.
Plover Le Jeune a black boy born in Madagascar was sold to a man in New France and was considered the first known black slave in New France.
(I)-Jean Bigot de Tourouvre, au Perche married 1633 Kebec, Thomine Chastel is in New France 1633 to 1636, however 1st child (II)-Francoise Bigot (most likely Metis) is born 1632 and 1st married 1647 Charles Guillebout and 2nd married May 8, 1659 Denis Briere, Kebec .
It is believed that 6 households of French remained in Kebec during the English occupation along with 7 interpreters who were living among the savages.
Francois Albert married Kabec Thomasse Gabarette.
(I)-Gilbert Burel, Jesuit lay brother returned to Kebec with LeJeune another lay brother.
Guillaume Guillemot, sieur Duplessis Bochart aka Duplessis Quebodo is a lieutenant of Emery de Caen in Kebec.
(II)-Marie Le Neuf, b-1632 likely France, December 5, 1702 L'egglise des Recollets, daughter (I)-Jacques Le Neuf De la Poterie, b-1606 in Kebec 1636 and (II)-Marguerite Le Gardieur, b-1608, died 1697
(I)-Paul Le Jeune (1591-1664) Superior of the Jesuits in New France and acting Governor New France arrived Kebec. It's likely (I)-Marc Antoine de Brasdefer, sieur de Chasteaufort also arrived about this time to become Governor Trois Rivieres and under secret papers to act as Governor of New France in event of the death of Champlain. There is little doubt that (I)-Paul Le Jeune, Jesuit exercised his unusual authority, but he appears to always act through others.
P. Lejeune said mass at (I)-Guillaume Couillard's house and Francais was not heard in past three years.
(I)-Jean Nicollet de Belleborne (1598-1642) returned from the interior after living 12 years among the savages, taking at least one wife and a 2nd wife in Kebec in 1637. He worked for the One Hundred Associates.
Cardinal Armand Jean de Plessis, Duc de Richelieu (1585-1642), executed Henri II, Due de Montmorency (1595-1632), Grand Admiral of France, for participating in an abortive revolt.
(I)-Etienne Brule (1592-1632), the first known Coureurs des Bois of Kebec, is killed by the Huron for unknown reasons. If the Jesuits are correct in saying he was much addicted to women, then it is highly likely that he was killed for impropriety. Others suggest he sided with the English and that being the reason he was killed. Still others suggest he killed another man and was killed for that reason. He left a Huron Country Wife and Metis children who were lost to history.
The Jesuits Fathers (I)-Antoine Daniel (1601-1648) and Ambrose Davost (1586-1643) went to Cape Breton this year, then moved to Fort Kebec in 1633.
(I)-Nicolas Denys Bras d'Or (1598-1688), a La Rochelle Merchant, sailed for La Have (Bridgewater, Nova Scotia), Acadia and would spend the next forty years trying to develop new colonies. They, Isaac de Razilly and Denys, first established a fur trading post then established fishing establishment at Port Rossignol (Liverpool, Nova Scotia). They also started a lumbering venture.
The (I)-Guillaume Couillard Lespinacy (1591-1663) and Herbert family is believed to be the first slave owners in New France.
(I)- Isaac de Razilly (1587-1635) with 300 soldiers and settlers arrived to reoccupy Acadia. Included are Charles De Menou, sieur d'Aulnay, Charmisy and likely Nicolas Denys. They founded a new colony at La Heve on September 8.
Father Gabriel Sagard wrote: The French themselves, better educated and raised in the school of faith, are becoming Savages for no better reason than that they live with the Savages. Father Paul Le Jeune wrote: Let no one be astonished at these acts of barbarism. Before the faith was received in Germany, Spain or England, those nations were not more civilized. Both these men had no understanding of the attraction for the Coureurs de Bois. Freedom, adventure and democracy, terms the French could not understand.
King Charles I of England effectively sold their interest in New France and L'Acadie to France for $240,000. The St. Lawrence River has been closed to Frenchmen during the past three years.
Cardinal Armand Jean de Plessis, Duc de Richelieu (1585-1642), of France, excluded the Recollets from New France, opening the field to complete Jesuit control. The Jesuits were to assimilate by civilizing and were to convert to French/Roman Catholic Christianity, the Savages of the New World. They had very little success but would continue towards this end until the mid to late twentieth century.
The Couillard-Hébert family receives the first slave of the colony. He is a Black boy from the West Indies. The historian Marcel Trudel has counted 4092 slaves throughout Canadian history, of which 2692 were Indians (the favorites of French-speakers) and 1400 Blacks (the favorites of English-speakers) owned by approximately 1400 masters. The region of Montréal dominates with 2077 slaves compared to 1059 for Québec and 114 for Trois-Rivières. Many were held by religious orders. Several marriages took place between French colonists and slaves (31 unions between with Indian slaves and 8 with Black slaves) which means that a number of Québécois today have slaves somewhere in their family trees.
March: The treaty of St. German En Laye restored New France and Acadia to France. New France, for the past three years, was under the rule of English free traders. Acadia Fort La Tour was not taken and much blood was shed before Port Royal, Acadia was returned. William de Caen, a Calvinist, is appointed Governor of New France because he is a man of means. (I)-Isaac de Razilly (1587-1636) was equipped to remove all English and Scots from Acadia by force if necessary. Port Royal promptly surrendered. Acadia is also restored to France, and (I)-William Alexander's settlement returns to Scotland, except for one or two families who chose to remain among the French and Metis Acadians.
March 27: (I)-Isaac de Launoy de Razilly (1587-1636) and Cardinal Armand Jean de Plessis, Duc de Richelieu (1585-1642), agreed that (I)-Isaac de Razilly (1587-1636) was to take over Port Royal Acadia for the Company of New France. (I)-Isaac de Razilly (1587-1636) settled at Le Heve, built a Fort and brought 40 settlers out. English Governor Winthrop was concerned with the Le Heve Fort and ordered construction of a Fort at Boston, a Fort at Natascott and a plantation at Agawam.
May: (I)-Isaac de Launoy de Razilly (1587-1636) is named Lieutenant General for the King in New France and is granted a tract of land at Ste Croix.
June: (I)-Etienne Brule (1592-1632) is killed by the Hurons, likely near Penetanguishe, Ontario
July: The De Caen's French ship, on July 4th, is lost in a storm not far from Fort Kebec. The Savages came to see the men, having discovered the abandoned ship grounded in the mud. This year a single French ship arrived at Fort Kebec with Captain Emery de Caen- brother of William, Guillaume Guillemmot, Sieur Duplessis Bouchart (Kerbordo or Quebordo?) with forty men including three Jesuit missionaries, Father Paul Le Jeune (1591-1664), Father Anne de Noue (1587-1646) and a lay brother- Gilbert Burel, but no Recollects. The English, under Kirke, turned Fort Kebec over to Caen. Kirke departed on July 13 with two shiploads of booty. The Hebert family and five other families had been allowed by the English to remain in Fort Kebec to protect their holdings. The Hebert family is likely allowed to remaim because they are Metis. Father Paul Le Jeune (1591-1664), a Jesuit of Huguenot parents, one of the three, in letter, said the Fort at Kebec and some huts on the Island of Hochelaga (Montreal), at Three Rivers and Tadoussac, along with a few fishermen's log cabins on the St. Lawrence, is about all there is to show for the discovery of New France. The English-French had not only plundered but also burnt a greater part of the buildings. Captain Thomas Ker, a Frenchman, who had gone over to the English with David and Louys Ker, his brothers and one Jacques Michel d-1632, all are Huguenots, were involved in the destruction of Kebec. De Caen says the Kebec inventory of 9,000 beaver skins valued at 40,000 livres is missing. Madam Herbert, her family and most of her farm was intact but the Savages killed her cows. A little Negro and his French family were also left by the English. (I)-Jacques Hertel d-1651 in Canada since 1615 took refuge among the Savages when Kebec was captured and is recorded as the first farmer at Three Rivers. One however is hard pressed to place colonization much before this date. Even this modest toehold would not have been possible were it not for the Coureurs-des-Bois.
July 4: (I)-Charles de Memou d'Aulnay (1596-1650) arrived Acadia and later married Jeanne Motin daughter Louis Motin de Corcelles and Marie De Salins.
July 5: The French De Caen with the Jesuits Father Paul Le Jeune (1591-1664) and Father Anne de Noue (1587-1646), arrived at Kebec but the English still occupied the fort.
July 13: The French, (I)-Emery de Caen and du Plessis Bouchart, finally entered Fort Kebec which the English handed over to them.
July 13: Three ships departed France for Acadia with 300 people mostly men but some say there might have been 12-15 women aboard.
August 25: The Canadians arrived Kebec; the Montagnard, the Huron, the Nation of the Bear (Huron), the Tobacco Nation, and the Nation of the Sorcerers (Hiroquois), and many others, arrived in 50 canoes.
September 8: (I)-Issac de Launoy de Razilly (1587-1635), Lieutenant General of New France, with three ships and 12-15 families, but with 300 men arrived at Acadia. Some suggest 40 families are settled at La Have, Acadia but this count must have included the mixed marriages with the Micmac. They built their settlement at La Have, on the site of Riverport, Nova Scotia. A Micmac village was located nearby. Subsidiary communities soon sprang up, Port Rossignel for fishing and Mirligueche for lumbering. (II)-Charles de La Tour (1595-1665) and (I)-Isaac de Razilly d'aulnay (1587-1636) was designated Lieutenant-General of all parts of New France called Canada and the Governor of Acadia, he returned to France, having assumed control of La Have, Port Royal and the Ste Croix region of Acadia. Some early names include Dugas, Gaudet, Landry and Aucoin. Names to arrive later include Lablanc, Cormier, Gallant, Legere, Saunier, Arsenault, Boudreau, Comeau, Robichaud, Theriault and Thibodeau, to name a few of the several hundred colonists. The colonists built dikes to reclaim the fertile lands of the Bay of Funday, rather than clear the forested upland areas. As a result, they posed no threat to the Micmac People and a great friendship grew between the Peoples. Many of the early French settlers took Micmac wives, and La Have was known as an Acadian Metis settlement. It is noteworthy that La Have from 1632 to 1635 was the capital of Acadia.
October 25: The Manitougache (Montagnait) asked shelter for his family as the Hiroquois had been seen near Kebec. The Jesuit said he and his sons are most welcome but girls and women are not allowed to sleep in our house. The Jesuit sleep in the Huron cabins with the men, girls, women and dogs but can't provide sanctuary for the Huron. The Jesuits would not see that they had just rejected Jesus Christ by rejecting these girls and women. The first Europeans encountered drank blood (red wine) and ate wood (dry biscuits). The French they called Ouemichtigouchiou (man who work in wood). The Savages have long memories.
December 2: The Jesuit say from this date on we were required to wear raquettes (snow shoes). The Savages can jump like bucks or run like deer wearing these raquettes. They make shoes of elk skin that they use with these raquettes.