Modules and Appendices
The following modules are available for first or second year College level Physics courses. Please scroll down to view High School level modules and also the available Appendices. The 27 Appendices contain a wealth of relevant and useful, up-to-date materials.
College Level Modules
Mechanics
Module M1 Measurement
M1.1 Quantities and Units
M1.2 Systems of Units
M1.3 Dimensional Analysis
M1.4 Using the System International
Prefixes
Rules for Writing SI
Scientific, Engineering and SI Notation
M1.5 Unit Conversion
M1.6 Angular measurement
M1.7 Accuracy and Precision of Measurement
Significant Figures
Multiplication and Division of Measured Quantities
Addition and Subtraction of Measured Quantities
Rounding Off Procedures
M1.8 Perimeters, Areas and Volumes
Mechanics
Module M2 Vector Quantities
M2.1 Vectors and Scalars
M2.2 The Resultant Vector
The Equilibrant Vector
M2.3 Graphical Methods of Vector Addition
M2.4 Vector Addition Using the Sine and Cosine Laws
M2.5 Rectangular Components
Polar and Rectangular Notation
M2.6 The Component Method of Vector Addition
M2.7 Vector Difference
M2.8 Relative Velocity and Displacement
M2.9 Multiplication By a Scalar
Mechanics
Module M3 Translational Motion
M3.1 Types of Motion
M3.2 Distance and Displacement
M3.3 Speed and Velocity
M3.4 Acceleration
M3.5 Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Free Fall
M3.6 Motion Involving Reversal in Direction
M3.7 Uniformly Accelerated Motion in Two Dimensions
Mechanics
Module M4 Newton's Laws
M4.1 The Concept of Force
M4.2 Newton's First Law of Motion
M4.3 Concurrent Forces in Static Systems
M4.4 Equilibrium of Bodies in Motion
M4.4 Newton's Second Law
M4.5 Force, Mass and Weight
M4.6 Newton's Third Law
M4.7 Applying Newton's Laws
M4.8 Friction
M4.9 Inclined Planes
M4.10 Multiple Body Problems
Mechanics
Module M5 Rotational Equilibrium
M5.1 Non-concurrent Forces
M5.2 Torque and Rotational Equilibrium
M5.3 Center of Mass
Mechanics
Module M6 Work, Power and Energy
M6.1 Work Done By a Constant Force
M6.2 Resultant Work
M6.3 Work Done By a Variable Force
M6.4 Power
M6.5 Kinetic Energy
M6.6 Work-Energy Theorem
M6.7 Gravitational Potential Energy
M6.8 Elastic Potential Energy
M6.9 Conservation of Energy
Mechanics
Module M7 Impulse and Momentum
M7.1 Impulse and Momentum
M7.2 Relationship Between Impulse and Momentum
M7.3 Conservation of Momentum
M7.4 Inelastic Collisions
M7.5 Elastic Collisions
M7.6 Semi-elastic Collisions
Mechanics
Module M8 Uniform Circular Motion
M8.1 Angular Displacement
M8.2 Angular Velocity
M8.3 Centripetal Force
M8.4 Balancing of Rotating Bodies
M8.5 Internal Stress of Rotating Bodies
Mechanics
Module M9 Rotational Dynamics
M9.1 Uniformly Accelerated Circular Motion
M9.2 Newton's Laws for Rotational Motion
Radius Of Gyration
Parallel Axis Theorem
M9.3 Rotational Work and Power
M9.4 Kinetic Energy of Rotation
M10.1 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
M10.2 Gravitational Fields
Gravitational Fields Around Large Masses
M10.3 Gravitational Potential Energy
M10.4 Satellite Motion
M10.5 Weightlessness
M10.6 Variation of "g" on the Earth's Surface
M10.7 Earth - Moon System, Tidal Effects
Mechanics
Module M11 Simple Machines
M11.1 Types of Machines
M11.2 Efficiency
M11.3 Mechanical Advantage
M11.4 Inclined Plane Machines
M11.5 Lever Type Machines
Wheel and Axle
Pulley Systems
M11.6 Torque Transmission
Gear Systems
M11.7 The Hydraulic Lift
M11.8 Compound Machines
Mechanics
Module M12 Stress and Strain
M12.1 Deformation of Materials
M12.2 Tensile and Compressive Stress
M12.3 Hooke's Law
M12.4 Linear Strain
M12.5 Elastic Limit and Ultimate Strength
M12.6 Shear Stress and Shear Strain
M12.7 Torsion
M12.8 Volume Strain
M12.9 Stress Due to Thermal Expansion
Mechanics
Module M13 Bending and Stress in Beams
M13.1 Types of Loading and Supporting
M13.2 Shear Force and Bending Moment
Shear Force
Bending Moment
M13.3 Shear Stress in Beams
M13.4 Internal Stresses in Bending
M13.5 Modulus of Section
M13.6 Maximum Deflection
Mechanics
Module M14 Fluids at Rest
M14.1 Properties of Fluids
Compressibility
Surface Tension
Capillary Action
Viscosity
Density
M14.2 Pressure in Fluids
M14.3 Pascal's Principle
Manometers
Mercury Barometer
Hydraulic Lift
Barometric Leveling
M14.4 Archimedes' Principle
Floating Bodies
Mechanics
Module M15 Fluids in Motion
M15.1 Flow of Fluids
Mass Rate of Flow
M15.2 Continuity Equation
M15.3 Flow of Incompressible Fluids
M15.4 Bernoulli's Equation
M15.5 Viscosity
M15.6 Reynold's Number
M15.7 Poiseuille's Equation
M15.8 The General Energy Equation
Darcy's Equation
M15.9 Losses Due to Friction in Fittings
M15.10 Work and Power of a Fluid
Mechanics
Module M16 Simple Harmonic Motion
M16.1 Periodic Motion
M16.2 Model for SHM
Displacement in Simple Harmonic Motion
Velocity in Simple Harmonic Motion
Acceleration in Simple Harmonic Motion
M16.3 Frequency and Period of SHM
M16.4 The Pendulum
M16.5 Resonance and Damping
M16.6 Energy of Simple Harmonic Motion
Thermodynamics
Module T1 Thermal Energy
T1.1 Thermal Energy
Temperature and Thermal Energy
Heat and Thermal Equilibrium
T1.2 Temperature
T1.3 Absolute Temperature
T1.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
T1.5 Area and Volume Expansion
Volume Expansion
T1.6 Abnormal Expansion of Water
T1.7 Measurement of Temperature
T1.8 Specific Heat Capacity
T1.9 Change of Phase
T1.10 Steam Tables
T1.11 Heat of Combustion and Boiler Efficiency
Thermodynamics
Module T2 Heat Transfer
T2.1 Calorimetry
T2.2 Conduction
Thermal Resistance
T2.3 Convection
T2.4 Radiation
Net Radiation
Wien's Displacement Law
Thermodynamics
Module T3 Gases and the Atmosphere
T3.1 Kinetic Theory of Gases
T3.2 The Ideal Gas Law
T3.3 Variations of the Ideal Gas Law
T3.4 Saturation Vapor Pressure and Partial Pressures
T3.5 Humidity and Dew Point
T3.6 Critical Point and Triple Point
T3.7 Density of Gases
Thermodynamics
Module T4 Thermodynamics
T4.1 Work Done By a Gas
T4.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics
Isobaric Processes
Isochoric Processes
Isothermal Processes
Adiabatic Processes
Polytropic Processes
T4.3 Enthalpy
T4.4 Specific Heats of Gases
T4.5 Heat Engines
The Carnot Cycle
T4.6 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
T4.7 The Third Law of Thermodynamics
Waves Module
W1 Properties of Waves
W1.1 Wave Motion
W1.2 The Wave Equation
W1.3 Types of Waves
Longitudinal Waves
Transverse Waves
W1.4 Reflection of Waves
W1.5 Variation of Wavelength and Velocity
W1.6 Superposition of Waves
W1.7 Standing Waves and Resonance
W1.8 Energy Propagation of Waves
W1.9 Intensity of Waves
W1.10 Uniform Spherical Waves
Waves Module
W2 Sound Waves
W2.1 The Nature of Sound
W2.2 The Velocity of Sound
W2.3 Pressure Level and Intensity of Sound
Intensity of Sound
W2.4 Loudness
W2.5 Response of the Ear
W2.6 Standing Waves
W2.7 The Quality of Reproduced Sound
W2.8 Beat Frequency
W2.9 The Doppler Effect
W2.10 Ultrasonic Waves
Waves Module
W3 Wave Theory of Light
W3.1 The Dual Nature of Light
Electromagnetic Waves
W3.2 The Speed of Light and the Wave Equation
Variation of Wavelength and Velocity
W3.3 Reflection of Light
W3.4 Refraction of Light
Dispersion of Light
W3.5 Total Internal Reflection
Waves Module
W4 Interference, Diffraction and Polarization of Light
W4.1 Interference of Light Waves
W4.2 Thin Film Interference
W4.3 Single-Slit Diffraction
W4.4 Polarization of Light
Transmission of Polarized Light
Polarization by Reflection
Waves Module
W5 Illumination and Fiber Optics
W5.1 Absorption of Incident Radiation
W5.2 Color
W5.3 Luminous Flux
W5.4 Luminous Intensity
Illumination
W5.5 Light Sources
Incandescence
Luminescence
Light Sources
W5.6 Fiber Optics
Fiber Optics In Communications
W5.7 Dispersion in Optical Fibers
W5.8 Numerical Aperture and Light Sources
Monomodal Fibers
W5.9 Power Loss in Optical Fibers
Waves Module
W6 Optical Instruments
W6.1 Image Formation in a Plane Mirror
W6.2 Reflection in Spherical Mirrors
Concave Mirrors
Convex Mirrors
Aberrations
W6.3 Ray Diagrams
Ray Diagrams With Concave Mirrors
Ray Diagrams With Convex Mirrors
W6.4 Refraction Through Lenses
W6.5 Aberrations in Lenses
Spherical Aberration
Chromatic Aberration
Astigmatism
W6.5 Ray Diagrams With Lenses
W6.4 Image at Infinity, Angular Magnification
W6.5 The Magnifying Glass
W6.6 The Projector
W6.7 The Camera
W6.8 The Compound Microscope
W6.9 The Telescope
W6.10 Binoculars
W6.11 Telephoto lens
Waves Module
W7 Electromagnetic Distance Measurement
W7.1 Basic Concepts of EDM
W7.2 EDM Signal Types
Continuous Waves
Amplitude Modulated Waves
Frequency Modulated Waves
Phase Shift
W7.3 Phase Based Distance Measurement
W7.4 Unambiguous Range
W7.5 Refractive Index
Group Refractive Index
W7.6 Long Wave Positioning Systems
Hyperbolic Radio Navigation
Range-Range Systems
Rho-Rho Mode
W7.7 Satellite Systems
Transit System
GPS/Navistar System
Electricity
Module E1 Electric Force and Field
E1.1 Electric Charge
E1.2 Electric Force
E1.3 Electrical Conductors
E1.4 Insulators and Semiconductors
Insulators
Semiconductors
Fluids
E1.5 Charging Methods and Redistribution of Charge
E1.6 Systems of Charges
E1.7 Electric Field
E1.8 Electric Fields Around Point Charges
E1.9 Electric Field Lines
E1.10 Electric Fields Around Conductors
E1.11 Relative Permittivity
Electricity
Module E2 Electric Potential
E2.1 Electric Potential Energy in a Uniform Electric Field
E2.2 Electric Potential
E2.3 Electric Potential Energy for Point Charges
E2.4 Electric Potential for Point Charges
E2.5 Sources of Electromotive Force
Electricity
Module E3 Capacitance
E3.1 Capacitance of a Conductor
E3.2 Stored Energy in a Capacitor
E3.3 Capacitors in Parallel
E3.4 Capacitors in Series
E3.5 Series-Parallel Combinations
E3.6 The RC Time Constant
Electricity
Module E4 Current and Resistance
E4.1 Electric Current
E4.2 Resistance
E4.3 Temperature Change in Resistance
Superconductivity
E4.4 Ohm's Law
E4.5 Electrical Power
E4.6 Series Circuits
E4.7 Parallel Circuits
E4.8 Series-Parallel Circuits
Electricity
Module E5 DC Circuit Analysis
E5.1 Kirchhoff's Laws
E5.2 The Loop Current Method
E5.3 Internal Resistance of a Source
E5.4 Charging a Battery
E5.5 Sources in Series and Parallel
E5.6 Voltmeters and Ammeters
Electricity
Module E6 Batteries and Transducers
E6.1 Electrolysis
E6.2 The Voltaic Cell
Rechargeable Cells
E6.3 Solar Cells
E6.4 Transducers
Thermocouples
Piezoelectric Crystals
Strain Gauges
Thermistors
Electricity
Module E7 Magnetism
E7.1 Magnetic Fields
E7.2 Permeability
E7.3 Natural Magnetism
E7.4 Magnetic Attraction and Repulsion
E7.5 Magnetic Fields around Loops and Coils
Magnetizing Strength
E7.6 Hysteresis
E7.7 Force Exerted on a Moving Charge
E7.8 Motion of Charges in a Magnetic Field
E7.9 Force Exerted on a Current Carrying Conductor
E7.10 Torque on a Rotating Loop
E7.11 DC Motors and Other Applications
Electricity
Module E8 Electromagnetic Induction
E8.1 Induced Emf In a Moving Conductor
E8.2 Induced Emf of a Rotating Loop
E8.3 Lenz's Law
E8.4 Faraday's Law
E8.5 Mutual Inductance
E8.6 Self Inductance
E8.7 Transformers
E8.8 Motors and Back Emf
E8.9 Time Constant of an Inductive Circuit
Electricity
Module E9 Alternating Current
E9.1 Square Wave Response
RL Time Constant
E9.2 AC Sources
E9.3 Resistors, Capacitors and Inductors in AC Circuits
Resistors in AC Circuits
Capacitors in AC Circuits
Inductors in AC Circuits
E9.4 Simple AC Circuits
Electricity
Module E10 AC Circuit Analysis
E10.1 Impedance
E10.2 Power in AC Circuits
Real Power of a Resistor
Reactive Power
Total Volt-Amps
Power Factor
E10.3 Frequency Response of High Pass and Low Pass Filters
E10.4 Resonance of RLC Circuits
Modern Physics
Module S1 Quantum Mechanics
S1.1 Particle Properties of Waves
S1.2 Mass Energy Equivalency
Pair Production and Pair Annihilation
P14.3 The Compton and Photoelectric Effects
S1.4 Wave Properties of Particles
S1.5 The Hydrogen Atomic Model
S1.6 Atomic Excitation
Atomic Emission Spectrum
Atomic Absorption Spectrum
S1.7 X-Ray Emission
Modern Physics
Module S2 Solid State Physics
S2.1 Energy Levels of Solids
Energy Bands in Conductors
Energy Bands in Insulators and Semiconductors
S2.2 Thermal Generation and Recombination
S2.3 Mechanism of Current Movement in a Semiconductor
S2.4 Temperature Response
S2.5 Fermi Level
S2.6 Intrinsic Behavior
Photoconductors
Thermistors
S2.7 Extrinsic Semiconductors
S2.8 The Hall Effect
S2.9 Impurity Levels and Recombination Time
Modern Physics
Module S3 Semiconductor Devices
S3.1 The P-N Junction
S3.2 The Forward Biased Junction
S3.3 The Reverse Biased Diode
S3.4 Variation of Reverse Saturation Current
S3.5 The Breakdown Region
S3.6 P-N Junction Diodes
Rectifier Diodes
Zener Diodes
Back Diodes
Tunnel Diodes
Light Emitting Diodes
Photodiodes
Varactors
S3.7 The Bipolar Junction Transistor
S3.8 Transistor Amplification
Phototransistors
S3.9 Reverse Recovery Time
S3.10 Unipolar Semiconductor Devices
Schottky Diodes
Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET)
MOSFET's
S3.11 Integrated Circuits
Modern Physics
Module S4 Nuclear Physics
S4.1 Atomic Structure
S4.2 Ionization
S4.3 Isotopes of Elements
S4.4 Nuclear Forces
S4.5 Atomic Mass Units
S4.6 Mass Defect and Binding Energy
S4.7 Spontaneous Decay
Alpha Decay
Beta Minus Decay
Beta Plus Decay
K-Capture
Gamma Decay
S4.8 Half - Life
Radioactive Strength
S4.9 Radioactive Dating
S4.10 Induced Nuclear Reactions
S4.11 Nuclear Fission
S4.12 Nuclear Fusion
S4.13 Effects of Radiation
Half-Value Layer
S4.14 Measurement of Radiation
Appendices
Appendix 1:Math Summary
Trigonometry
Exponents
Logarithms
Algebra
Quadratic Equations
Simultaneous Equations
Method of Substitution:
Method of Subtraction of Equations:
Method of Matrices:
Complex Numbers
Appendix 2:Geometric Properties
Appendix 3:Variables and Constants
Appendix 4:The Greek Alphabet and SI Prefixes
Appendix 5:SI Unit Names and Symbols
Base Units
Derived Units
Appendix 6:Conversion Factors
Appendix 7:Selected Physical Constants
Appendix 8:Solar System Data
Appendix 9:Friction Coefficients
Appendix 10:Mechanical Properties of Materials
Appendix 11:Beam Load Equations
Appendix 12:Densities of Materials
Densities of Common Substances
Relative Densities of Petroleum Derivatives at 15¡C
Temperature Correction to Relative Densities
Appendix 13:Viscosities of Fluids
Viscosities of Common Substances
Viscosities of Gases at Various Temperatures
Viscosities of Liquids at Various Temperatures
Appendix 14:Losses in Pipes
Equivalent Lengths of Pipe Fittings
Typical Loss Coefficients for Minor Losses
Roughness Factors for Pipes
Moody's Diagram
Appendix 15:Properties of Water
Appendix 16:Vapor Pressures of Liquids at Various Temperatures
Appendix 17:Thermal Properties of Materials
Thermal Expansion Coefficients
Specific Heat Capacities
Approximate Heats of Combustion
Melting and Boiling Points, and Latent Heats
Thermal Conductivities (k)
Molar Specific Heat Capacities of Gases
Critical Temperatures and Triple Points
Appendix 18:Steam Tables
Table A: Properties of Water or Steam at Saturation as a Function of Temperature
Table B: Properties of Water or Steam at Saturation as a Function of Pressure
Table C: Properties of Superheated Steam
Appendix 19:Indices of Refraction
Index of Refraction for 589 nm Radiation
Index of Refraction at Various Wavelengths
Appendix 20:Properties of Semiconductors
Work Function Energies of Various Materials
Band Gap Energies of Various Semiconductors
Mobilities in Various Semiconductors at 300 K
Appendix 21:Electric and Magnetic Properties of Materials
Relative Permittivity and Dielectric Strength of Selected Materials
Relative Permeability of Selected Materials
Appendix 22:Resistivity and Temperature Coefficient of Resistance
Appendix 23:AWG Wire Sizes
Appendix 24:Circuit Symbols and Components
Circuit Symbols
Preferred Component Values
Color Codes
Resistor Color Codes
Resistor Construction
Resistor Power Ratings
Capacitors
Appendix 25:Periodic Table of Elements
Appendix 26:Selected Isotopes Of The Elements
Appendix 27:Formula Sheet
High School Level Modules
Physics Module B1 Measurement
Introduction
B1.1 Quantities and Units
B1.2 Systems of Units
B1.3 Using the System International
Decimal and Scientific Notation
Engineering Notation
Prefixes and SI Notation
Rules for Writing SI
B1.4 Unit Conversion
B1.5 Dimensional Analysis
B1.6 Accuracy and Precision of Measurement
Significant Figures
Multiplication and Division of Measured Quantities
Addition and Subtraction of Measured Quantities
Rounding Off Procedures
Physics Module B2 Vector Quantities
Introduction
B2.1 Vectors
B2.2 The Resultant Vector
The Equilibrant Vector
B2.3 Adding Co-linear Vectors
B2.4 Graphical Methods of Vector Addition
B2.5 Rectangular Components
Polar and Rectangular Notation
B2.6 Adding Perpendicular Vectors
B2.7 The Component Method of Vector Addition
B2.8 Vector Difference
B2.9 Relative Velocity and Displacement
Physics Module B3 Linear Motion
Introduction
B3.1 Distance and Displacement
B3.2 Speed and Velocity
B3.3 Acceleration
B3.4 Uniformly Accelerated Motion
B3.5 Free Fall
B3.6 Projectile Motion
Physics Module B4 Newton's Laws
Introduction
B4.1 Newton's First Law of Motion
B4.2 Newton's Second Law
B4.3 Force, Mass and Weight
B4.4 Newton's Third Law
B4.5 Friction
Kinetic Friction
Static Friction
B4.6 Applying Newton's Laws
Inclined Planes
Multiple Body Problems
Physics Module B5 Rotational Equilibrium
Introduction
B5.1 Non-concurrent Forces
B5.2 Torque and Rotational Equilibrium
Physics Module B6 Work, Power and Energy
Introduction
B6.1 Work Done By A Force
B6.2 Resultant Work
B6.3 Work Done By a Variable Force
B6.4 Power
B6.5 Energy
Kinetic Energy
B6.6 Work-Energy Theorem
B6.7 Gravitational Potential Energy
B6.8 Elastic Potential Energy
B6.9 Conservation of Mechanical Energy
B6.10 The General Law Conservation of Energy
Physics Module B7 Impulse and Momentum
Introduction
B7.1 Impulse and Momentum
B7.2 Relationship Between Impulse and Momentum
Impulse of a Variable Force
B7.3 Conservation of Momentum
B7.4 Inelastic Collisions
B7.5 Elastic Collisions
B7.6 Semi-elastic Collisions
Physics Module B8 Periodic Motion
Introduction
B8.1 Uniform Circular Motion
Period
B8.2 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
B8.3 Gravitational Fields
Gravitational Fields Around Large Masses
Variation of g on the Earth's Surface
B8.4 Satellite Motion
B8.5 Weightlessness
B8.6 Gravitational Potential Energy
Escape Velocity
B8.7 Periodic Motion
B8.8 Hooke's Law And Simple Harmonic Motion
B8.9 Frequency and Period of SHM
Mass-Spring Systems
Pendulums
B8.10 Resonance and Damping
B8.11 Energy of Simple Harmonic Motion
Physics Module B8a Circular Motion
B8a.1 Angular Displacement
B8a.2 Angular Velocity
B8a.3 Centripetal Acceleration
Centripetal Force
B8a.4 Uniformly Accelerated Circular Motion
Physics Module B9 Fluid Mechanics
Introduction
B9.1 Properties of Fluids
Compressibility
Surface Tension
Capillary Action
Viscosity
Density
B9.2 Pressure in Fluids
B9.3 Pascal's Principle
Hydraulic Lift
Mercury Manometer
Mercury Barometer
B9.4 Buoyant Force
Floating Bodies
B9.5 Flow of Fluids
Mass Rate of Flow
B9.6 Continuity Equation
B9.7 Flow of Incompressible Fluids
B9.8 Bernoulli's Equation
Physics Module B10 Thermal Energy
Introduction
B10.1 Thermal Energy
Temperature and Thermal Energy
Heat and Thermal Equilibrium
B10.2 Temperature Units
Absolute Temperature Scale
Temperature Intervals
B10.3 Linear Thermal Expansion
B10.4 Area and Volume Expansion
Area Expansion
Volume Expansion
Differential Expansion
B10.5 Abnormal Expansion of Water
B10.6 Specific Heat Capacity
B10.7 Change of Phase
Physics Module B11 Heat Transfer
Introduction
B11.1 Calorimetry
B11.2 Conduction
Thermal Resistance
Composite Materials
B11.3 Convection
B11.4 Radiation
Net Radiation
Physics Module B12 The Gas Laws
Introduction
B12.1 Kinetic Theory of Gases
Avogadro's Number and Number of Moles
B12.2 The Ideal Gas Law
B12.3 Variations of the Ideal Gas Law
Physics Module B13 Properties of Waves
Introduction
B13.1 Wave Motion
B13.2 The Wave Equation
B13.3 Types of Waves
Longitudinal Waves
Transverse Waves
Types of Mediums
B13.4 Sound Waves
Ultrasonic Waves
B13.5 Loudness of Sound
Response of the Ear
B13.6 Reflection of Waves
B13.7 Superposition of Waves
B13.8 Standing Waves and Resonance
Standing Waves In A Tube Open At Both Ends
Standing Waves In A Tube Closed At Both Ends
Standing Waves In A Tube Closed At One End
B13.9 The Quality of Reproduced Sound
B13.10 Beat Frequency
B13.11 The Doppler Effect
B13.12 Variation of Wavelength and Velocity
B13.13 Refraction of Waves
B13.14 Diffraction
Physics Module B14 Light Waves
Introduction
B14.1 Electromagnetic Waves
B14.2 The Speed of Light
Variation of Wavelength and Velocity
B14.3 Refraction of Light
Dispersion of Light
B14.4 Reflection of Light
B14.5 Total Internal Reflection
Fiber Optics
B14.6 Polarization of Light
Polarization by Reflection
B14.7 Interference and Diffraction
Diffraction Gratings
Thin Film Interference
B10.9 Single-Slit Interference and Angle of Diffraction
Physics Module B15 Optical Instruments
Introduction
B15.1 Reflection in Spherical Mirrors
Concave Mirrors
Convex Mirrors
Aberrations
B15.2 Ray Diagrams And The Mirror Equation
Ray Diagrams With Concave Mirrors
Ray Diagrams With Convex Mirrors
B15.3 Refraction Through Lenses
Spherical Aberration in Lenses
Chromatic Aberration in Lenses
Astigmatism
B15.4 Ray Diagrams And The Lens Equation
Image at Infinity, Angular Magnification
B15.5 Optical Instruments
The Magnifying Glass
The Projector
The Camera
The Compound Microscope
The Telescope
Binoculars
Telephoto lens
Physics Module B16 Electric Force and Field
Introduction
B16.1 Electric Charge
B16.2 Electric Force
B16.3 Electrical Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors
Conductors
Insulators
Semiconductors
Fluids
B16.4 Charging Methods and Redistribution of Charge
B16.5 Electric Field
B16.6 Electric Fields Around Point Charges
Electric Field Between Two Point Charges
Electric Field Lines
Electric Fields Around Conductors
B16.7 Electric Potential Energy
B16.8 Electric Potential
B16.9 Electric Potential Energy for Point Charges
Electric Potential for Point Charges
Physics Module B17 Current and Resistance
Introduction
B17.1 Electric Current
B17.2 Resistance
B17.3 Temperature Change in Resistance
B17.4 Sources of Emf and Ohm's Law
Ohm's Law
B17.5 Electrical Power
B17.6 Series Circuits
B17.7 Parallel Circuits
Using Voltmeters and Ammeters
B17.8 Series-Parallel Circuits
B17.9 Kirchhoff's Laws
Kirchhoff's Current Law
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
Physics Module B18 Magnetism
Introduction
B18.1 Magnetic Fields
B18.2 Permeability
B18.3 Natural Magnetism
B18.4 Magnetic Attraction and Repulsion
Magnetic Field Of The Earth
B18.5 Magnetic Fields around Loops and Coils
Solenoid Coils
B18.6 Force Exerted on a Moving Charge
B18.7 Motion of Charges in a Magnetic Field
B18.8 Force Exerted on a Current Carrying Conductor
Electric Motors
Audio Speakers
Galvanometers
Physics Module B19 Electromagnetic Induction
Introduction
B19.1 Induced Emf In a Moving Conductor
Electric Generators
B19.3 Lenz's Law
B19.4 Faraday's Law
B19.5 Transformers
Physics Module B20 Quantum Mechanics
Introduction
B20.1 Particle Properties of Waves
B20.2 Mass Energy Equivalency
Pair Production and Pair Annihilation
B20.3 The Compton and Photoelectric Effects
Photoelectric Effect
B20.4 Wave Properties of Particles
B20.5 The Hydrogen Atomic Model
B20.6 Atomic Excitation
Atomic Emission Spectrum
Atomic Absorption Spectrum
B20.7 X-Ray Emission
Physics Module B21 Nuclear Physics
Introduction
B21.1 Atomic Structure
B21.2 Isotopes of Elements
B21.3 Nuclear Forces
B21.4 Atomic Mass Units
B21.5 Mass Defect and Binding Energy
B21.6 Spontaneous Decay
Alpha Decay
Beta Minus Decay
Beta Plus Decay
K-Capture
Gamma Decay
Decay Series
B21.7 Half - Life
Radioactive Dating
B21.8 Induced Nuclear Reactions
Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fission
B21.9 Effects of Radiation
